Table of Contents
1. What is an Echo?
• Principle of Ultrasound
• Principle of Doppler
2. Conventional Echo
• Two-dimensional (2-D) Echo
• Motion-mode (M-Mode) Echo
• Continuous Wave (CW) Doppler
• Pulsed Wave (PW) Doppler
• Clinical Applications of Conventional Echo
3. Colour Doppler Echo
• Principle
• Technique
• Advantages
• Limitations
• Applications
4. The Echo Windows
• Transthoracic Echo
• Echo Windows
• Transoesophageal Echo
• Future Directions in Echo
5. Normal Views and Values
• Normal Echo
• Sequence of Scanning
• What is Normal?
• Normal Variants
• Normal Values
• Normal Valves
6. Ventricular Dysfunction
• LV Systolic Dysfunction
• LV Diastolic Dysfunction
• RV Dysfunction
7. Cardiomyopathies
• Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCMP)
• Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCMP)
• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HOCM)
8. Coronary Artery Diseases
• Indications for Echo in Coronary Artery Diseases
• Myocardial Ischemia
• Myocardial Infarction
• Left Ventricular Dysfunction
• Right Ventricular Dysfunction
• Acute Mitral Regurgitation
• Acute Ventricular Septal Defect
• Left Ventricular Aneurysm
• Ventricular Mural Thrombus
• Acute Pericardial Effusion
• Coronary Artery Anomalies
• Simulating Conditions
• Stress Echocardiography
9. Systemic Hypertension
10. Pulmonary Hypertension
11. Aortic Diseases
12. Congenital Heart Diseases
• Ventricular Septal Defect
• Atrial Septal Defect
• Patent Ductus Arteriosus
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Eisenmenger Reaction
• Quantification of Shunt
13. Valvular Diseases
• Mitral Stenosis
• Mitral Valve Prolapse
• Flail Mitral Leaflet
• Mitral Annular Calcification
• Mitral Regurgitation
• Tricuspid Stenosis
• Tricuspid Regurgitation
• Ebstein’s Anomaly
• Aortic Stenosis
• Aortic Regurgitation
• Pulmonary Stenosis
• Pulmonary Regurgitation
14. Pericardial Diseases
• Pericardial Effusion
• Cardiac Tamponade
• Constrictive Pericarditis
15. Endocardial Diseases
16. Intracardiac Masses
• Cardiac Tumours
• Left Atrial Myxoma
• Cardiac Thrombi
• Ventricular Thrombus
17. Thromboembolic Diseases
18. Systemic Diseases
Index
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